Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of the normal functions of living systems. It encompasses the biological processes that enable organisms to sustain life and maintain homeostasis.
Key Areas in Physiology:
- Cellular Physiology: Examines the functions of cells, including processes like energy production, transport of substances, and communication between cells.
- Systemic Physiology: Studies how organ systems (like the nervous, respiratory, or circulatory systems) work individually and together to keep the body functioning.
- Comparative Physiology: Compares physiological processes in different species to understand evolutionary adaptations.
- Pathophysiology: Investigates how normal physiological processes are altered by disease.
Example:
The study of how the heart pumps blood through the circulatory system or how neurons transmit signals in the brain falls under physiology.
Exercise Physiology
Exercise physiology is a sub-discipline of physiology that examines the body’s acute responses and long-term adaptations to physical activity. It bridges the gap between physiology and physical fitness, providing insights into how exercise improves health and performance.
Key Areas in Exercise Physiology:
- Acute Responses to Exercise:
- Cardiovascular Response: Increased heart rate, blood flow, and oxygen delivery to muscles during exercise.
- Respiratory Response: Higher breathing rate and oxygen uptake to meet energy demands.
- Metabolic Response: Utilization of energy sources like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- Chronic Adaptations to Exercise:
- Muscular Adaptations: Hypertrophy (muscle growth) and increased strength with resistance training.
- Cardiovascular Adaptations: Enhanced endurance due to improved oxygen delivery and utilization.
- Neurological Adaptations: Improved coordination and motor skill efficiency.
- Exercise Prescription: Tailoring exercise programs to improve health, manage chronic diseases, or enhance athletic performance.
- Energy Systems in Exercise:
- ATP-PC System: Provides quick energy for short bursts of high-intensity activity.
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: Supplies energy during medium-duration efforts without oxygen.
- Aerobic System: Supports long-duration activities with oxygen use.
Applications of Exercise Physiology:
- Enhancing athletic performance through training techniques.
- Developing rehabilitation programs for patients with chronic conditions.
- Understanding the role of exercise in preventing lifestyle diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.
Example:
Studying how marathon training increases VO2 max (maximum oxygen uptake) or how strength training improves bone density are examples of exercise physiology in practice.